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List Of English Loughs

List of English loughs

The following is a list of loughs that can be found in England. The term is not commonly used, and is often pronounced "luff". In many cases, "loughs" have been renamed, and the bodies of water are generally quite small, e.g. pond sized. The bulk of English loughs are to be found in the counties of Northumberland and Cumbria, often near Hadrian's Wall. On Haughton Common, near Hadrian's Wall
- Broomlee Lough
- Crag Lough
- Greenlee Lough
- Grindon Lough
- Halleypike Lough Elsewhere in Northumberland
- Black Lough
- Blackaburn Lough
- Blaxter Lough
- Coldmartin Lough
- Darden Lough
- Harbottle Lough
- Kimmer Lough
- Little Lough
- Sweethope Lough
- Whitfield Lough In the Lake District and Cumbria
- Loughrigg Tarn, and the hill Loughrigg Fell, possibly named after it.
- Thorngill-Lough Loughs

Lough

:Please see also Loch A Lough is a body of water and either:
- a lake or;
- b sea lough, which may be perceived also as a fjord, estuary, bay or sea inlet.
- c surname Lough, with various pron. law, loch, low, lowe. :[Middle English, from Old English luh, ultimately from Old Irish loch.] loch]] Lough is an anglicised form of loch, which is an Irish Gaelic and Scots Gaelic word. Loch is also used in Irish English and Scottish English. Loch is used in Scotland for the Lowland Scots, Gaelic and English names for lakes as well as surnames. In Ireland Lough was introduced by English administrators as the anglicised form of Loch. Lough is also used for some bodies of water in in the far north of England. Except when individually named loughs are often referred to as lakes, fjords, estuaries and sea inlets. Thus lake district and estuary bed may be used in preference to lough district and lough bed. (This practice is not followed to anything like the same degree in English use of loch).

Irish loughs

Almost all lakes in the Ireland are named as "loughs " in their anglicised form. Lough Neagh in Ulster is the largest lake in Ireland and is bigger than any lake in Britain. The three on the River Shannon are Lough Allen, Lough Ree and Lough Derg. Upper and Lower Lough Erne are two consecutive lakes in Fermanagh, an area often referred to as "Ireland's lake district". For other loughs in Ireland, see List of Irish lochs and loughs. Sea loughs include Lough Swilly and Lough Foyle.

English loughs

In the north of England, "lough" survives in the name of some bodies of water and other place names. Many of these are in the vicinity of Hadrian's Wall, and also in the Lake District. See List of English loughs.
-

External links

- [http://www.uklakes.net/ UKLakes Online Database]

Northumberland

:For other places with this name, see Northumberland (disambiguation) Northumberland is a traditional, ceremonial and administrative county in northern England. The ceremonial county borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham to the south and Tyne and Wear to the south east, as well as having a border with the Scottish Lieutenancy area of Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale to the north, and nearly eighty miles of North Sea coastline. Since 1974 the county council has been located in Morpeth, situated in the east of the county at ; however Morpeth and Alnwick both claim the title county town. As the kingdom of Northumbria under King Edwin, the area's historical boundaries stretched from the Humber in the south to the Forth in the north. The traditional county covers a smaller area, similar to the modern ceremonial county but also including Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the traditional county town. In 1974 however, the new metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear was created, and some areas traditionally within Northumberland are now administratively in Tyne and Wear. For some purposes, particularly wildlife recording and many sporting organisations, the administrative boundaries are not followed, retaining Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North Tyneside within Northumberland. Indeed, the county of Tyne and Wear is not indicative of the 'attachments' of the local population; residents of Newcastle would more readily identify themselves with Northumberland than their rival city, Sunderland, another place brought within the boundaries of Tyne and Wear in 1974. Being on the border of Scotland and England, Northumberland has been the site of many battles. The county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland, a favourite with landscape painters, and now largely protected as a National Park.

History

Once part of the Roman Empire and the scene of many wars between England and Scotland, Northumberland has a long and complicated history. This explains the many castles in Northumberland, including among the better-known those at Bamburgh, Dunstanburgh, Warkworth and Alnwick. The region of present-day Northumberland once formed the core of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Northumberland is called the "cradle of Christianity" in England because it was on Lindisfarne, a tidal island north of Bamburgh, also called Holy Island, that Christianity flourished when monks from Iona were sent to convert the English. Lindisfarne was the home of the Lindisfarne Gospels and Saint Cuthbert, who is buried at Durham Cathedral. Bamburgh Castle is the historic capital of Northumberland, the "royal" castle from before the unification of England under one monarch. The capital of Northumberland now, however, may be thought to be the market town of Alnwick, mainly because the Duke of Northumberland has his home there; or may be thought of as Morpeth, since Northumberland County Council's offices are in that town. The lords of Northumberland once wielded inordinate power in British affairs because, as the Lords of the Marches, they were entrusted with protecting England from Scottish invasion. Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the Rising of the North in Tudor times. These revolts were usually led by the then Dukes of Northumberland, the Percy family. Shakespeare mentions one of the Percys, Harry Hotspur. The county was also a centre for Catholicism in England, as well as of Jacobite feelings after the Restoration. Northumberland became a sort of wild county, where outlaws and border reivers hid from the law, as it was largely rural and unpopulated. However, the frequent cross-border skirmishes and accompanying local lawlessness largely subsided after the union of the crowns of Scotland and England under King James VI and I. Northumberland played a vital role in the industrial revolution. The region's coalfields fuelled industrial expansion in other areas of the country, and the need to transport the coal from the collieries to the Tyne led to the development of the first railways. Ship-building and armaments manufacture were other important industries. Today, Northumberland is still largely rural. As the least populated county in England, it commands much less power in British affairs than in times past. In recent years the county has enjoyed considerable growth in tourism due to its scenic beauty and the abundant evidence of its historical significance.

Physical geography

The physical geography of Northumberland is diverse. It is low and flat near the North Sea coast and increasingly mountainous toward the northwest. The Cheviot Hills, in the northwest of the county, consist mainly of resistant Devonian granite and andesite lava. A second area of igneous rock underlies Whin Sill (on which Hadrian's Wall runs), an intrusion of carboniferous Dolerite. Both ridges support a rather bare moorland landscape. Either side of Whin Sill the county lies on carboniferous limestone, giving some areas of karst landscape. Lying off the coast of Northumberland are the Farne Islands, another Dolerite outcrop, famous for their bird life. There are coal fields in the southeast corner of the county, extending along the coastal region north of the river Tyne. The term sea coal likely originated from chunks of coal, found washed up on beaches, that wave action had broken from coastal outcroppings. Being in the far north of England, above 55° latitude, and having many areas of high land, Northumberland is one of the coldest areas of the country. It has an average annual temperature of 7.1 to 9.3 °C, with the coldest temperatures inland. However, the county lies on the east coast, and has relatively low rainfall, between 466 and 1060 mm annually, mostly falling in the west on the high land. Between 1971 and 2000 the county averaged 1321 to 1390 hours of sunshine per year. Approximately a quarter of the county is protected as the Northumberland National Park, an area of outstanding landscape that has largely been protected from development and agriculture. The park stretches south from the Scottish border and includes Hadrian's Wall. Most of the park is over 800 feet (240 metres) above sea level.

Economy and industry

metres Northumberland has a relatively weak economy amongst the counties and other local government areas of the United Kingdom. The county is ranked sixth lowest amoungst these 63 council areas. In 2003 23% of males and 60% of females were earning less than the Council of Europe's decency threshold. As of May 2005 unemployment is at 2.3%, in line with the national average. Between 1999 and 2003 businesses in the county grew 4.4% to 8,225, making 0.45% of registered businesses in the UK. A major source of employment and income in the county is tourism. The county annually receives 1.1 million UK visitors and 50,000 foreign tourists who spend a total of £162million in the county.

Demographics

At the Census 2001 Northumberland registered a population of 307,190, estimated to be 309,237 in 2003. In 2001 there were 130,780 households, 10% which were all retired, and one third were rented. Northumberland has a very low ethnic minority population at 0.985% of the population, compared to 9.1% for England as a whole. 81% of the population reported their religion as Christianity, 0.8% as an other religion, and 12% as having no religion..

Politics

Like most English shire counties Northumberland has a two-tier system of local government. It has a county council based in Morpeth and also has six districts, each with their own district council. These districts are, Blyth Valley, Wansbeck, Castle Morpeth, Tynedale, Alnwick and Berwick-upon-Tweed. The county and district councils are responsible for different aspects of local government. Northumberland is represented in Parliament by four MPs, of whom one is a Conservative one is a Liberal Democrat and two are Labour. For a list of constituencies in Northumberland see List of Parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland.

Culture

List of Parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland Northumberland has traditions not found elsewhere in England, reflecting a mix of indigenous, Celtic, Norse and Anglian influences. These include the rapper sword dance, the Clog dance and the Northumbrian smallpipes (a type of bagpipe). Northumberland also has its own tartan, often referred to in Scotland as the Shepherd’s Tartan. Traditional Northumberland music sounds similar to Scottish music, reflecting the strong historical links between Northumberland and Scotland. In general, Northumberland culture has more in common with Scottish culture, from which it has been greatly influenced and vice versa, than with that of the rest of England, and many Northumbrians feel a closer affinity with Edinburgh than with London. The links between Northumberland and Scotland are audible in the dialects of both, which include many Old English words, such as bairn for child. For further information, see Scots language and Geordie. Attempts to raise the level of awareness of Northumberland culture to that of Scottish culture have also started, with the formation of a Northumbrian Language Society to preserve the unique dialects (Pitmatic and Northumbrian) of this region, as well as to promote home-grown talent. Northumberland has its own flag, based on the design first used on the tomb of St Oswald in the 7th century. The current version was granted to the county in 1951.[http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/vg/flag.html]

People

7th century]] Famous Northumbrians include:
- Thomas Addison (1793-1860), physician
- George Airy (1802-1892), astronomer and geophysicist
- William Armstrong (1810-1900), inventor and industrialist
- Thomas Bewick (1753-1828), artist, wood engraver and naturalist
- Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1715-1783), landscape and garden designer
- Josephine Butler (1828-1906), social reformer
- Basil Bunting (1900-1985), poet
- Bobby Charlton (1937- ) and Jack Charlton (1935- ), footballers
- Grace Darling (1815-1842), heroine
- Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (1764-1845), British Prime Minister
- Steve Harmison (1978- ), international cricketer
- Ross Noble (1976- ), stand-up comedian
- Henry "Harry Hotspur" Percy (1365-1403), borders warlord and rebel
- John Rushworth (1793-1860), historian
- George Stephenson (1781-1848) and Robert Stephenson (1803-1859), engineers
- Kathryn Tickell (1967- ), musician

Settlements

These are the main towns in Northumberland. For a complete list of settlements and places of interest see list of places in Northumberland.
- Alnwick, Amble, Ashington
- Bamburgh, Bedlington, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Blyth
- Cramlington
- Haltwhistle, Hexham
- Morpeth
- Newbiggin-by-the-Sea
- Prudhoe
- Rothbury
- Seahouses
- Wooler

External links

- [http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/ Northumberland County Council]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne BBC Northumberland and Tyneside]
- [http://www.northumbriana.org.uk/langsoc/home.htm Northumbrian Language Society]
- [http://www.birchmore.clara.net/ Northumbrian Traditional Music]

Notes and references

# Northumberland National Park Authority, n.d. "[http://www.northumberland-national-park.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BF0FC540-5616-45DF-A21D-084F492174D0/0/TopographyandClimate.pdf The topology and climate of Northumberland National Park]." # Met Office, 2000. "[http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif Annual average temperature for the United Kingdom]." # Met Office, 2000. "[http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19712000/rr/17.gif Annual average rainfall for the United Kingdom]." # Met Office, 2000. "[http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif Annual average sunshine for the United Kingdom]." # Northumberland County Council, 2003. "Northumberland in context." [http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/%5Cdrftp%5C2140.doc MS Word], [http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:AvG1Q017JvcJ:www.northumberland.gov.uk/%255Cdrftp%255C2140.doc&hl=en HTML (Google)] # Northumberland InfoNet, 2005. "[http://www.northumberlandinfonet.org.uk/Unemployment/Overall/Index.htm Unemployment Statistics]." # Northumberland InfoNet, 2004. "[http://www.northumberlandinfonet.org.uk/KeyStats/Cards/Theme/VAT.pdf Key Statistics: Businesses]." (PDF) # Northumberland InfoNet, 2004. "[http://www.northumberlandinfonet.org.uk/KeyStats/Cards/Theme/Tourism.pdf Key Statistics: Tourism]." (PDF) # Office for National Statistics, 2003. "[http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/drftp/5389.pdf Update on 2001 Census figures]." (PDF) # Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2003. "[http://www.local.odpm.gov.uk/finance/0506/entitle/sc.pdf Local Government Finance Settlement 2005/06]." (PDF) # Office for National Statistics, 2001. "[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=6563&More=Y KS07 Religion: Census 2001, Key Statistics for local Authorities]."

Bibliography

Tomlinson, W. W. (1888). Comprehensive guide to the county of Northumberland (reprinted 1968). Trowbridge, UK: Redwood.
ja:ノーサンバーランド (イングランド) Category:Traditional counties of England

Cumbria

Cumbria is a county in the North West region of England. Cumbria is home to the Lake District National Park, considered one of the most beautiful areas of the United Kingdom. The area has provided inspiration for generations of British and foreign artists, writers and musicians. The highest point of the county (and of the whole of England) is Scafell Pike at 978m/3209ft. Parts of Hadrian's Wall can be found in the northernmost reaches of the county, in and around Carlisle.

Boundaries and divisions

Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy areas of Dumfries and Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale in Scotland. The boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east. Cumbria's northern boundary stretches from the Solway Firth along the border with Scotland to Northumberland. It is made up of six districts: Allerdale, Barrow and Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Eden and South Lakeland.

History

Cumbria was created in 1974, by combining the area of the abolished administrative counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, plus the Furness part of Lancashire, and a protrusion of Yorkshire (the former Sedbergh Rural District). The name "Cumbria" has been used for the region for centuries. Following the creation of Cumbria as a non-metropolitan county, some people, particularly those born or brought up in the area, prefer to refer to the Furness area by its traditional county name of "Lancashire". Others, including local government, promotional material for the area, the Lake District National Park Authority, and most visitors describe the area as being in "Cumbria". The culture of the area was Celtic until quite late (see Rheged), and the name derives from their name for the area, in the Cumbric language. It is etymologically connected to the Welsh term Cymru, meaning "Wales". Cumbria remains one of the most Celtic areas of England.

Towns and Villages

See the List of places in Cumbria.

People of Interest

- Donald Campbell
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Margaret Fell
- Francis Howgill
- Stan Laurel
- Beatrix Potter
- Alfred Wainwright
- William Wordsworth
- Fletcher Christian

Places of Interest

- Bassenthwaite Lake
- Brantwood
- Buttermere
- Cartmel Priory
- Coniston Water
- Crummock Water
- Cumbria Way long distance footpath
- Dales Way long distance footpath
- Derwent Water
- Eden Valley Railway - heritage railway
- Ennerdale Water
- Firbank Fell
- Fisher Tarn Reservoir
- Furness Abbey
- Haig Colliery Mining Museum
- Hartley Castle
- Haweswater
- Holker Hall
- Killington Reservoir
- Kirkby Lonsdale
- Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway - heritage railway
- Windermere (the lake)
- Lanercost Priory
- Levens Hall
- The former site of the Beast Banks post office in Longsleddale.
- National Nature Reserves in Cumbria
- Pennine Way long distance footpath
- Piel Island
- Quaker tapestry, Kendal
- Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway - heritage railway
- Rheged
- Rydal Water
- Seathwaite Tarn
- Sizergh Castle & Garden
- Swarthmoor Hall
- Thirlmere
- Ullswater
- Wast Water
- Whinfell Forest

External links

- [http://www.gocumbria.org Official Tourist Board Website]
- [http://www.visitcumbria.com/index.htm Cumbria Tourist and Historical Website]
- ja:カンブリア州 simple:Cumbria

Hadrian's Wall

Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Hadriani) was a stone and turf fortification, built by the Romans across the width of Great Britain to prevent military raids by the Pictish tribes of Scotland to the north, to improve economic stability and provide peaceful conditions in the Roman province Britannia to the south, to define the frontier of the Empire physically, and to separate the unruly Selgovae tribe in the north from the Brigantes in the south and discourage them from uniting. The name is also sometimes used jocularly as a synonym for the border between Scotland and England, although for most of its length the wall follows a line well south of the modern border – and neither the Scoti tribe nor the English lived in Britain at the time of the wall's construction. The wall was the northern border of the Empire in Britain for most of the Roman Empire's rule, and also the most heavily fortified border in the Empire. In addition to its use as a military fortification, it is thought that the gates through the wall would also have served as customs posts to allow trade to be taxed. A significant portion of the wall still exists, particularly the mid-section, and for much of its length, the wall can be followed on foot. It is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern England, where it is often known simply as the Roman Wall. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. English Heritage describes it as "the most important monument built by the Romans in Britain". [http://accessibility.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?wci=Node&wce=8410]

Route

English Heritage Hadrian's Wall ran for 120 km, virtually due west, from Wallsend on the River Tyne to the shore of the Solway Firth. The A69 and B6318 roads largely follow the course of the wall as it starts in Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle, then on round the northern coast of Cumbria. The wall is entirely in England and south of the border with Scotland by 15 km in the west and 110 km in the east.

Hadrian

Hadrian's Wall was built following a visit by Roman emperor Hadrian. Hadrian was experiencing military difficulties not just in Britain, but from the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Judea, Libya, Mauretania, and many of the peoples conquered by his predecessor Trajan, so was keen to impose order. However the construction of such an impressive wall was probably also built as a symbol of Roman power, both in occupied Britain and in Rome. Frontiers in the early empire were based more on natural features or fortified zones with a heavy military presence. Military roads or limes often marked the border, with forts and signal towers spread along them and it was not until the reign of Domitian that the first solid frontier was constructed, in Germania Superior, using a simple fence. Hadrian expanded on this idea, redesigning the German border by ordering a continuous timber palisade supported by forts behind it. Although such defences would not have held back any concerted invasion effort, they did physically mark the edge of Roman territory and went some way to providing a degree of control over who crossed the border and where. Hadrian reduced Roman military presence in the territory of the Brigantes and concentrated on building a more solid linear fortification to the north of them. This was intended to replace the Stanegate road which had previously served as the limes (the boundary of the Roman Empire).

Construction

Stanegate Construction started in 122 and was largely completed within ten years, with soldiers from all three of the occupying Roman legions participating in the work. The route chosen largely paralleled the nearby Stanegate road from Carlisle to Corbridge, which was already defended by a limes and several auxiliary forts, including Vindolanda. The initial plan called for a ditch and wall with 80 small, gated milecastle forts every Roman mile holding a few dozen troops each, and pairs of intermediate turrets used for observation and signalling. The wall was initially designed to a width of 3 metres (the so-called "Broad Wall"). The height is estimated to have been around 5 or 6 metres. Local limestone was used in the construction, except for the section to the west of Irthing where turf was used instead as there were no useful outcrops nearby. The turf wall was 6 metres wide and around 3.5m high. Milecastles in this area were also built from timber and earth rather than stone. The milecastles were of three different designs, depending on which Roman legion built them — the Second, Sixth, and Twentieth Legions, whose inscriptions tell us were all involved in the construction. Similarly there are three different turret designs along the route. All were about 493m apart and measured 4.27m square internally. Construction was divided into lengths of about 5 miles. One group of each legion would create the foundations and build the milecastles and turrets and then other cohorts would follow, building the wall itself. Early in its construction the width of the wall was narrowed to 2.5 metres or even less (the "Narrow Wall"). The Broad Wall dimensions can be seen in some stretches of foundations and some milecastle walls — a handy reference for archaeologists trying to piece together the construction chronology. Within a few years it was decided to add a total of 14 full-sized forts along the length of the wall, including Housesteads and Birdoswald, each holding between 500 and 1000 auxiliary troops (no legions were posted to the wall). The eastern end of the wall was extended further east from Pons Aelius (Newcastle) to Wallsend on the Tyne estuary. Some of the larger forts along the wall, such as Chesters and Housesteads, were built on top of the footings of milecastles or turrets, showing the change of plan. An inscription mentioning early governor Aulus Platorius Nepos indicates that the change of plans took place early on. Also some time still during Hadrian's reign (i.e., before 138 AD) the wall west of the Irthing was rebuilt in sandstone to basically the same dimensions as the limestone section to the east. After the forts had been added (or possibly at the same time), the so-called Vallum was built on the southern side. It consisted of a large, flat-bottomed ditch 6m wide at the top and 3m deep bounded by a berm on each side 10m wide. Beyond the berms were earth banks 6m wide and 2m high. Causeways crossed the ditch at regular intervals. Initially the berm appears to have been the main route for transportation along the wall. The Vallum probably delineated a military zone rather than intending to be a major fortification, though the British tribes to the south were also sometimes a military problem. The Wall was thus part of a defensive system which, from north to south included:
- a glacis and a deep ditch armed with rows of pointed stakes
- the Wall itself
- a later military road (the "Military Way")
- the Vallum — two huge banks with a ditch between.

Garrison

The wall was garrisoned by auxiliary (i.e., non-legionary) units of the army (non-citizens). Their numbers fluctuated throughout the occupation, but may have been around 9,000 strong in general, including infantry and cavalry. The new forts could hold garrisons of 500 men whilst cavalry units of 1000 troops were stationed at either end. The total number of soldiers manning the early wall was probably greater than 10,000. They suffered serious attacks in 180, and especially between 196 and 197 when the garrison had been seriously weakened, following which major reconstruction had to be carried out under Septimius Severus. After the harsh suppression of the tribes under Septimius, the region near the wall remained peaceful for most of the rest of the 200s. It is thought that many in the garrison may have married and integrated into the local community. married

After Hadrian

In the months after Hadrian's death in 138, the new emperor, Antoninus Pius essentially abandoned the wall, though leaving it occupied in a support role, and began building a new wall in Scotland proper, about 100 miles north, the Antonine Wall. This turf wall ran 40 Roman miles (about 37 modern miles) and had significantly more forts than Hadrian's Wall. Antonine was unable to conquer the Picts and so when Marcus Aurelius became emperor, he abandoned the Antonine Wall and occupied Hadrian's Wall once again in 164. It remained occupied by Roman troops until their withdrawal from Britain. In the late 4th century, barbarian invasions, economic decline, and military coups loosened the Empire's hold on Britain. By 410, the Roman administration and its legions were gone, and Britain was left to look to its own defences and government. The garrisons, by now probably made up mostly of local Britons who had nowhere else to go, probably lingered on in some form for generations. Archaeology is beginning to reveal that some parts of the Wall remained occupied well into the 5th century. But in time the wall was abandoned and fell into ruin. Over the centuries a large proportion of the stone was reused in other local buildings. This continued until the 20th century.

Other fortifications

The first Roman fortification in Scotland was the Gask Ridge, a series of forts north of the Clyde and Forth estuaries in Perthshire. This was soon abandoned for Hadrian's Wall. Fifteen years after completion of the Hadrian's Wall, a turf fortification, the Antonine Wall, was built to run between the Clyde and Forth. This wall was considerably shorter than Hadrian's Wall, but was manned by roughly the same number of troops. In some ways the Antonine Wall was more sophisticated, including large platforms for ballista. Within one generation the Antonine Wall had been abandoned, and Hadrian's Wall was reoccupied.

In fiction

Hadrian's Wall featured extensively in the movie King Arthur (2004) to offer a newer, freshened version of the Arthur mythos. They were garrisoned at one of the blockhouses where Arthur had his "Round Table". Arthur and his men were "knights" held in servitude by the Romans who occupied Britain, and later by the Pope. For more on the movie, see [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0349683/ the Internet Movie Database]. Sycamore Gap, a section of the wall between two crests just west of milecastle 38, is locally known as the "Robin Hood Tree". This location was featured in the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. Pope

References

- Forde-Johnston, James L. Hadrian's Wall. London: Michael Joseph, 1978. ISBN 0718116526.
- Burton, Anthony Hadrian's Wall Path. 2004 Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 185410893X
- Hadrian's Wall Path (map). Harvey, 12-22 Main Street, Doune, Perthshire FK16 6BJ. [http://www.harveymaps.co.uk harveymaps.co.uk]

External links

- [http://www.hadrians-wall.org/ Hadrian's Wall.org]
- [http://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/HadriansWall/index.asp?PageId=1 Hadrian's Wall National Trail Path]
- [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=430 UNESCO Frontiers of the Roman Empire] Category:World Heritage Sites in England Category:Ancient Roman architecture Category:Archaeological sites in England Category:Fortification Category:Walls Category:Buildings and structures in Cumbria Category:Visitor attractions in Cumbria Category:Northumberland Category:Visitor attractions in Tyne and Wear Category:Buildings and structures in Tyne and Wear Category:Nerva-Antonine Dynasty Category:Roman sites in England Category:Separation barriers Category:History of Northumberland Category:Ruins ja:ハドリアヌスの長城

Cumbria

Boundaries and divisions

History

Towns and Villages

See the List of places in Cumbria.

People of Interest

- Donald Campbell
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Margaret Fell
- Francis Howgill
- Stan Laurel
- Beatrix Potter
- Alfred Wainwright
- William Wordsworth
- Fletcher Christian

Places of Interest

External links

- [http://www.gocumbria.org Official Tourist Board Website]
- [http://www.visitcumbria.com/index.htm Cumbria Tourist and Historical Website]
- ja:カンブリア州 simple:Cumbria

Loughrigg Fell

Loughrigg Fell is a hill in the Central part of the English Lake District. It stands on the end of the long ridge coming down from High Raise over Silver How towards Ambleside, and is separated from its neighbours by the col of Red Bank. The easiest way up Loughrigg is from the White Moss car park, on the A591 between Grasmere and Rydal Water. From here a path leads through woods onto the nationally famous Loughrigg Terrace, a level path with superb views of Grasmere, Helm Crag and the Fairfield group. From the end of the terrace a path leads up left steeply over steps to the wide, undulating top area. (around 700 feet of climb and 1.5 miles). The summit is the middle one of three knolls and is an excellent viewpoint in all directions, the green and blue country of Furness being seen well. Other good ascents are from Ambleside, Rydal and Elterwater. Loughrigg Fell is one of the most popular hills in the Lakes, with over 100 paths on the fell - so it's easy to get lost! Just beyond the eastern end of Loughrigg Terrace are some quite remarkable caves, caused by quarrying. They go in about 50 metres and are often full of water; there are other small mines on the fell. caves Category:Marilyns of England Category:Wainwrights Category:Fells of the Lake District

Category:Lakes of England

Category:Geography of England Category:Lakes of the United Kingdom

Category:England-related lists

England England Lists

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Il nome ha antiche origini tedesche e significa "splendida, luminosa".

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Viene festeggiato il 4 luglio<

Bertilla
Bertilla è un nome proprio di persona italiano femminile.

Etimologia

Il nome è il diminutivo di Berta, che deriva dall'antico tedesco berchta e significa "la splendente".

Onomastico

Viene festeggiato il 20 ottobre, in ricordo della beata Bertilla Boscardin.

Santi e Beati

Beata Bertilla Boscardin

Persone

Curiosità

Pinolo
I pinoli sono i semi commestibili di alcune specie di pini. Sono circa 20 le specie del genere che producono semi abbastanza grandi da giustificarne la coltivazione. Nelle altre specie i pinoli sono lo stesso commestibili ma sono troppo piccoli per essere apprezzati come cibo. pini In Europa sono due le specie di pino che producono semi grandi. Il maggior produttore è il pino domestico (P

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Identità di Bézout
In matematica, e specialmente in teoria dei numeri, l'identità di Bézout afferma che se a e b sono interi (non entrambi nulli) e d è il loro massimo comune divisore, allora esistono due interi x e y tali che :ax + by = d . Tali coppie di numeri (x, y) possono essere determinate con l'matematica, e specialmente in teoria dei numeri, l'identità di Bézout afferma che se a e b sono interi (non entrambi nulli) e d è il loro massimo comune divisore, allora esistono due interi x e y tali che :ax + by = d . Tali coppie di numeri (x, y) possono essere determinate con l' osservano farinata degli Uberti uscire dal proprio sepolcro in un'illustrazione della Divina Commedia di Gustave Doré]] :Ed el mi disse: «Volgiti! che fai? :Vedi là Farinata che s’è dritto: :da la cintola in sú tutto ’l vedrai ::Divina Commedia, Inferno,

Manente degli Uberti
osservano farinata degli Uberti uscire dal proprio sepolcro in un'illustrazione della Divina Commedia di Gustave Doré]] :Ed el mi disse: «Volgiti! che fai? :Vedi là Farinata che s’è dritto: :da la cintola in sú tutto ’l vedrai ::Divina Commedia, Inferno,

Neurotrasmettitore
Un neurotrasmettitore è una sostanza che nel sistema nervoso trasporta segnali tra neuroni (le cellule nervose) muovendosi tra le loro sinapsi. I neurotrasmettitori possono essere eccitatori o inibitori, cioè possono rispettivamente promuovere la creazione di un impulso nervoso nel neurone ricevente o inibire l'impulso. L'acido gamma-amminobutirrico (GABA) e la

List of English loughs

Lough

Irish loughs

English loughs

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Northumberland

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Cumbria

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Hadrian's Wall

Route

Hadrian

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After Hadrian

Other fortifications

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Cumbria

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History

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Loughrigg Fell

Category:Lakes of England

Category:England-related lists

Etimologia

Onomastico

Etimologia

Onomastico

Santi e Beati

Persone

Curiosità